Resumen Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad metabólica con riesgo elevado de presentar úlceras en extremidades inferiores (pie diabético) que puede terminar en amputación. Objetivo: Identificar las variables predictivas de amputaciones en los pacientes con diagnóstico de pie diabético en el Hospital Verdi Cevallos desde enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2018. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y correlacional, que incluyó 130 pacientes con diagnóstico de pie diabético. Se utilizaron técnicas de inferencia estadística no paramétrica univariante para la correlación de las variables cualitativas (pruebas de χ2), así como la direccionalidad de estas. Resultados: Se encontró correlación entre la insuficiencia renal crónica avanzada, mal control glucémico, enfermedad vascular periférica severa y gravedad de la úlcera por la clasificación de Wagner-Merrit con la realización de amputación futura. Conclusión: El mal control glucémico, la insuficiencia renal crónica avanzada, enfermedad vascular periférica severa y los estadios 4 y 5 de la clasificación de Wagner-Merrit fueron factores predictivos de amputación en el paciente con pie diabético.

Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with an elevated risk of presenting ulcers in the lower extremities (diabetic foot ulcers), that in some cases may end in the amputation of such extremities. Objective: To identify the predictive variables of amputations in patients diagnosed with diabetic foot ulcers at the Verdi Cevallos Hospital from January 2017 to December 2018. Methodology: A retrospective and correlational study were carried out which included 130 patients diagnosed with diabetic foot. Multivariate and univariate nonparametric statistical inference techniques were used for the correlation of qualitative variables, as well as their directionality. Results: Correlation was found between advanced chronic renal failure, poor glycemic control, severe peripheral vascular disease, and ulcer severity according to the Wagner-Merrit classification with future amputation. Conclusion: Poor glycemic control, advanced chronic renal failure, severe peripheral vascular disease and stages 4 and 5 of the Wagner-Merrit classification were predictive factors for amputation in patients with diabetic foot.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a produção científica atual sobre o nível de atividade física, rendimento acadêmico e funções executivas, a fim de relacionar os benefícios do exercício físico com os processos cognitivos de escolares. Metodologia: para a revisão e seleção dos artigos, seguiu-se a metodologia de revisão sistemática baseada nas declarações internacionais PRISMA. As principais bases de dados utilizadas são: Dimensões, LILAC, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus e Dialnet. Pesquisa de artigos de intervenção e revisão publicados entre 2013 e 2020, com faixa etária de 10 a 18 anos e escritos em espanhol. Os resultados indicam que os estudos focam seus objetivos em analisar e comparar as relações entre as variáveis AF, RE e FE. Conclui-se que existe uma influência positiva da atividade física nas variáveis de desempenho acadêmico e funções executivas, o que se traduz principalmente em melhora em matemática e/ou leitura, em memória e atenção.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the current scientific production on the level of physical activity, academic performance, and executive functions, in order to relate the benefits of exercise to the cognitive processes of schoolchildren. Methodology: For the review and selection of articles, we followed the systematic review methodology based on the PRISMA international declarations. The main databases used are: Dimensions, LILAC, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, and Dialnet. The search focused on intervention and review articles published between 2013 and 2020, with an age range of 10 to 18 years old and written in Spanish. The results indicate that the studies focus their objectives on analyzing and comparing the relationships between the FA, AP, and EF variables. It is concluded that there is a positive influence of physical activity on the variables of academic performance and executive functions, which mainly translates into an improvement in mathematics and/or reading, as well as in memory and attention.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudió fue analizar la producción científica actual sobre el nivel de actividad física, rendimiento académico y funciones ejecutivas, con el fin de relacionar los beneficios del ejercicio con los procesos cognitivos de escolares. Metodología: Para la revisión y selección de artículos, se siguió la metodología de revisión sistemática basada en las declaraciones internacionales PRISMA. Las principales bases de datos utilizadas son; Dimensions, LILAC, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus y Dialnet. Búsqueda de artículos de intervención y de revisión publicados entre 2013 y 2020, con un rango etario de 10 a 18 años y escritos en idioma español. Los resultados indican que los estudios centran sus objetivos en analizar y comparar las relaciones entre las variables AF, RE y FE. Se concluye que existe una influencia positiva de la actividad física sobre las variables de rendimiento académico y funciones ejecutivas, lo que se traduce principalmente en una mejora en matemáticas y/o lectura, en la memoria y la atención.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for temporary cardiopulmonary support is one of the most intense and technologically complex therapies offered in medicine. It is a high-risk procedure that requires specific knowledge and technical skills to perform it with good results. Objective: The main goal of this study is to describe our extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) training program based on the study of specialized nurses and physicians of a simulation teaching experience, conducted in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. The program was developed as a theoretical-practical course with final exam and annual maintenance training sessions, caring for ECMO patients, its implementation and results. Methods: A descriptive study for registered nurses, intensivists, and cardiac surgeons. A self-administered, anonymous, and voluntary survey was conducted to assess the long-term perception about the program. Demographic data to describe the population was required, and questions about satisfaction and confidence in acquired skills and competences were asked. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed; patient survival and complications were compared before and after ECMO program using chi-square test, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Twenty-four training courses were performed for 68 professionals. More than 88% of the professionals considered the course components to be adequate and complete; and 94% felt trained to manage the ECMO circuit. Most valued activities were workshops and clinical cases. Since the implementation of the training program, 88 patients were assisted, with a survival rate at discharge of 58%, higher than in the previous period (P=0.03). Conclusion: More than 80% of the professionals considered the workshops and simulations as the most useful components. Reliance on the circuit care was higher than in training problem scenarios. Since 2013 we assisted 88 patients on ECMO, with a survival rate at discharge of 58%, within international standards results.

Abstract The legal system of the states is built on the basis of the uses and customs of the population; however, in the Peruvian legal system, the Greco-Roman tradition is imposed, leading to the clandestinity of customary law. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the academic formation of law in public and private universities in Peru through the analysis of the curricula. The method used was the documentary review available on the website of the National Superintendence of University Higher Education - SUNEDU. According to the results, in Peru, 29.8% of the faculties that train law professionals correspond to public universities and 70.2% to private universities. Of these, 70.24% state that Roman law and common law are mandatory subjects, while 71.4% do not consider courses on legal pluralism or common law. Therefore, the professional training in law and therefore, the administration of justice is not in accordance with the context, due to the fact that in recent years serious crises and social conflicts have been unleashed with backgrounds of cultural inequalities. Therefore, Andean customary law should be considered as a relevant subject in the Peruvian university education of future lawyers, who will impart justice in a population that self-identifies as indigenous.

Resumen El sistema jurídico de los Estados se construye sobre la base de los usos y costumbres de la población; no obstante, en el sistema jurídico peruano se impone la tradición greco-romana, que conduce a la clandestinidad al derecho de costumbre. El objetivo de esta investigación es evidenciar la naturaleza de la formación académica del derecho en las universidades públicas y privadas del Perú mediante el análisis de los currículos de estudios. Se utilizó como método la revisión documental de información disponible en la página web de la Superintendencia Nacional de Educación Superior Universitaria - SUNEDU. De acuerdo con los resultados, en el Perú, de las Facultades que forman profesionales en derecho 29.8% corresponde a universidades públicas y 70.2% a privadas. De ellas, 70.24% establecen que la materia de Derecho romano y Derecho anglosajón son de carácter obligatorio, mientras que 71.4% no consideran cursos referidos al pluralismo jurídico o derecho consuetudinario. Por lo tanto, la formación profesional en derecho y por ende, la administración de justicia no va acorde con el contexto. En los últimos años se han desencadenado graves crisis y conflictos sociales con trasfondos de inequidades culturales. Por lo cual se debe considerar el derecho consuetudinario andino como materia relevante en la formación universitaria peruana de los futuros abogados que impartirán justicia en una población que se autoidentifica como indígena.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic disturbed mental health of healthcare personnel. Residents of the specialization programs could be at risk, since they were reassigned in their functions. Aim: To describe the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on symptoms of depression, stress, anxiety and resilient coping in residents of Anesthesiology, Internal Medicine and Emergency Medicine Material and Methods: Residents were invited to answer an online survey containing the DASS-21 scale for anxiety, stress and depression symptoms and the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) for resilience skills. Results: Fifty four out of 90 residents answered the survey. Eighteen to 24% of respondents had symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress at severe and extremely severe levels. Those with severe and extremely severe symptoms had also the lowest score on the BRCS resilience scale. We did not find an association between severity of symptoms and gender. Discussion: A proportion of respondent residents had severe psychological symptoms and lower resilience scores during the COVID-19 pandemic.

ABSTRACT The present research aimed to determine the relation of the physical activity carried out (active or inactive lifestyle) on physical fitness, body composition, and quality of life in a population of older adult women in Mexico. Retrospective correlational study in which women were classified according to their active lifestyle according to whether or not they comply with the guidelines published by the World Health Organization [WHO] in 2020 on physical activity and sedentary behavior. The evaluation of physical activity was recorded through the IPAQ Questionnaire, physical fitness through the Senior Fitness Test battery, body composition was estimated using bioelectrical impedance, and quality of life with the SF36 Questionnaire. As a result, we find that those elderly women who have a higher energy expenditure and who comply with the recommendations of the time allocated to physical activity, show better physical fitness, body composition, and greater perception of quality of life, however, most do not comply with these recommendations.

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a relação da atividade física realizada na aptidão física, composição corporal e qualidade de vida em uma população de mulheres idosas no México. Estudo retrospectivo correlacional em que as mulheres foram classificadas de acordo com seu estilo de vida ativo de acordo com as diretrizes publicadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde [OMS] em 2020 sobre atividade física e comportamento sedentário. A avaliação da atividade física foi registrada através do Questionário IPAQ, a aptidão física através da bateria Senior Fitness Test, a composição corporal foi estimada através da bioimpedância elétrica e a qualidade de vida com o Questionário SF36. Os resultados daquelas idosas que possuem maior gasto energético e que cumprem as recomendações do tempo destinado à atividade física, evidenciam melhor aptidão física, composição corporal e maior percepção da qualidade de vida, porém, a maioria não cumpre, com estas recomendações.

RESUMEN La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación de la actividad física realizada sobre la aptitud física, composición corporal y calidad de vida en una población de mujeres adultas mayores de México. Estudio retrospectivo correlacional en el cual se clasificó a las mujeres según su estilo de vida activo de acuerdo a si cumple o no con las directrices publicadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS] en 2020 sobre actividad física y comportamiento sedentario. La evaluación de la actividad física se registró a través del Cuestionario IPAQ, la aptitud física a través de la batería Senior Fitness Test, la composición corporal se estimó mediante impedancia bioeléctrica y la calidad de vida con el Cuestionario SF36. Los resultados de aquellas mujeres mayores que tienen un mayor gasto energético y que cumplen con las recomendaciones del tiempo destinado a la actividad física, muestran una mejor aptitud física, composición corporal y mayor percepción de la calidad de vida, sin embargo, la mayoría no cumple con estas recomendaciones.

ABSTRACT The University throughout its history has faced the emergence of degree studies, which constitute the closing act of a degree training cycle, which demands the development of investigative skills in research students. The research presented addresses the challenge of interpreting the levels of application of narrative techniques and the rigor of the use of scientific writing in the presentation of scientific results at UNIANDES Quevedo University. For this study, a mixed approach was assumed, using various methods of science, including: the analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, modeling, the systemic, establishing a proactive descriptive scope, by generating a system of procedures for the effective writing of academic and scientific texts, which have been used in the classes of the subjects Work of degree, Degree I and Degree II.

RESUMEN La Universidad a lo largo de su historia ha enfrentado la emergencia de los estudios de titulación, los cuales se constituyen en el acto de cierre de un ciclo formativo de grado, lo cual demanda el desarrollo de competencias investigativas en los estudiantes investigadores. La investigación que se presenta aborda el desafío de interpretar los niveles de aplicación de técnicas narrativas y el rigor de empleo de la redacción científica en la presentación de resultados científicos en la Universidad UNIANDES Quevedo. Para este estudio se asumió un enfoque mixto, empleando diversos métodos de la ciencia, entre ellos: el analístico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, la modelación, el sistémico estableciendo un alcance descriptivo propositivo, al generar un sistema de procedimientos para la redacción efectiva de textos académicos y científicos, las cuales se han estado empleando en las clases de las asignaturas Trabajo de grado, Titulación I y Titulación II.

ABSTRACT. The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas was introduced in northwestern Mexico for aquaculture purposes. Although its cultivation has been successful, this species has shown high mortalities during summer. To mitigate this problem, producers have resorted to biotechnology (triploidy), whose performance -regarding diploid seedling- depends on site conditions and stocking time. Hence, uncertainty exists on its benefits under real production conditions. This research evaluates triploidy performance by implementing a dynamic simulation model considering environmental effects (temperature and chlorophyll) on culture production. The dynamic simulation was based on systems theory, dividing the productive system into two sub-models (environmental and biological), including temperature and chlorophyll effects, growth, mortality, and condition index parameterized in the function of the environmental parameters. The dynamic simulation results suggest that implementing triploid culture is advantageous in zones under high stress associated with high temperature and low productivity; likewise, triploid spat tends to show better performance independently of the site. Nevertheless, performance by ploidy varies depending on the environmental conditions of the sites.

ABSTRACT The problems of integral human development have been studied from different approaches, highlighting the educational field. It is within the framework of a developmental education, where the formation of research skills in high school students should be privileged. The research has been developed in the Insutec Educational Unit but observing how its graduates behave in the continuity of studies at the University UNIANDES Quevedo. The objective is to project an integrated system of logical actions of management of the formative and investigative processes, with the intention of empowering high school students in their transformational reflective-investigative work. We proceeded in an experimental framework with a quali-quantitative approach and a propositive scope, using the analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, modeling, systemic and didactic pedagogical methodologies. The results are singled out in the system of didactic pedagogical actions to generate formative research work in high school students of the institution.

RESUMEN Los problemas del desarrollo humano integral han sido trabajados desde diversos enfoques, destacando el ámbito educativo. Es en el marco de una educación desarrolladora, donde debe privilegiarse la formación de habilidades para la investigación en los jóvenes de bachillerato. La investigación se ha desarrollado en la Unidad Educativa Insutec, pero observando como sus egresados, se comportan en la continuidad de estudios en la Universidad UNIANDES Quevedo. El objetivo es proyectar un sistema integrado de acciones lógicas de gestión de los proceso formativos e investigativos, con la intención de empoderar a los estudiantes de bachillerato en su hacer reflexivo-investigativo transformacional. Se procedió en un marco experimental con un enfoque cuali-cuantitativo y un alcance propositivo, empleándose los métodos analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, la modelación, el sistémico y las metodologías pedagógicas didácticas. Los resultados se singularizan en el sistema de acciones pedagógicas didácticas para generar trabajos de investigación formativa en los estudiantes de bachillerato de la institución.

Abstract: En el Estado de Yucatán los registros de nutria neotropical (Lontra longicaudis annectens) son insuficientes para determinar si existen diferentes tipos de hábitat para la especie, su estatus de conservación y los riesgos potenciales que enfrenta. Nuestros objetivos son el generar un modelo de distribución potencial de la nutria neotropical para el Estado de Yucatán, y el verificar la presencia de la nutria neotropical en sitios predichos por el modelo. Se generó un modelo de distribución potencial de la nutria neotropical con MaxEnt con registros de presencia de la especie y variables ambientales de EarthEnv a 1 km² de resolución. Se verificó la presencia de la nutria en siete sitios predichos por el modelo mediante visitas en el mes de octubre de los años 2017 al 2019 y 2021. Se caracterizó el hábitat y se colectaron muestras biológicas, así como evidencia video-fotográfica de las señales de presencia de las nutrias y de su hábitat. La distribución potencial de la nutria cubrió 3,487 km2, el 8 % de la superficie del Estado de Yucatán, en ríos, lagunas y ecosistemas generalmente costeros, sin embargo, el modelo permitió identificar la idoneidad ambiental del hábitat para la nutria en áreas al interior de la península, y la validación en campo de los sitios predichos produjo los primeros registros de la especie en cenotes y lagunas epicontinentales. Los sitios presentaron disponibilidad de presas, vegetación riparia para refugio y madrigueras, y conectividad acuático-terrestre con manantiales de agua dulce. Se obtuvieron observaciones directas de nutrias en dos de los sitios visitados, así como señales indirectas de su presencia en los siete sitios, las cuales consistieron en heces, letrinas, geles, huellas, rastros, residuos de alimento, madrigueras de descanso y veredas hacia el cuerpo de agua. Los resultados señalan la necesidad de continuar con el monitoreo minucioso en las áreas potenciales predichas por el modelo para poder sugerir medidas de conservación para la nutria neotropical y su hábitat en el estado de Yucatán.

Resumen: Records of Neotropical otters (Lontra longicaudis annectens) are insufficient in the state of Yucatán, México, to determine the different habitat types where otters live, the conservation status of the species and the potential threats. Therefore, our objectives were to generate a map of the potential distribution of the Neotropical otter in Yucatán and verify the otter’s presence in sites predicted by the model. A potential distribution species model of the Neotropical otter was generated with MaxEnt using species’ records and EarthEnv environmental variables with 1 km² resolution. Otter’s presence was verified in seven sites predicted by the model by field surveys conducted during October months of 2017 to 2019 and 2021. The habitat was characterized, and biological samples and video-photographic evidence of otter’s presence and its habitat were collected. Potential distribution of the Neotropical otter covered 3,487 km2, 8 % of Yucatán State’s surface area, in rivers, lagoons, and coastal ecosystems with mangrove forest and wetlands; nevertheless, sites with suitable habitat and potential areas for the presence of otters were observed in epicontinental lagoons in the interior of the State. The potential distribution model allowed to identify the environmental suitability for otter’s habitat in the interior of the peninsula, whereas field surveys made to validate the sites predicted by the model led us to report the first records of the neotropical otter in cenotes (sinkholes) and epicontinental lagoons. The sites presented availability of prey species, high density of riparian vegetation for shelter and dens, and terrestrial-aquatic interconnectivity between freshwater springs. Direct observations of otters were obtained in two of the visited sites, as well as indirect signals in seven of them, which consisted of feces latrines, annal jellies, footprints, tracks, food residues, active resting dens, and shore trails. Our results point out the need to continue thorough monitoring in potential areas predicted by the model to be able to suggest conservation measures for the Neotropical otter and its habitat in Yucatán State.

Abstract Reference points (RP), objectives and limits are used to facilitate fishery management, with Maximum Sustainable Yield, Maximum Economic Yield and Bioeconomic Equilibrium among the RP. Because some RPs include economic parameters (i.e. cost of effort and income), changes in prices will clearly impact on fishery resource management. To explore and display the importance of price as a modulator of fishing RPs in this study, the effect of changes in first sale fishery product (catch) prices on RPs was evaluated in two hypothetical and contrasting fisheries (i.e. sardine and abalone) using a Gordon-Schaefer surplus production bioeconomic model with profitability, effort, catches and stock biomass as key performance indicators (KPI).

Resumen Para facilitar el manejo pesquero se emplean puntos de referencia (PR) objetivos y límites. Entre los PR destacan el Máximo Rendimiento Sostenible, el Rendimiento Máximo Económico y el Punto de Equilibrio Bioeconómico. Debido a que algunos PR se estiman tomando en cuenta variables económicas (i.e. costo del esfuerzo e ingreso) se hace evidente que los cambios en los precios tendrán repercusiones en el manejo de los recursos pesqueros. Con la intención de explorar y evidenciar la importancia del precio como modulador de los PR pesqueros en el presente estudio se evalúa el efecto de cambios en los precios de primera venta de los productos de la pesca (captura) sobre los PR en dos pesquerías hipotéticas y contrastantes (i.e. sardina y abulón). Para la realización del análisis se utilizó un modelo bioeconómico de producción excedente de Gordon-Schaefer bajo indicadores de desempeño (KPI) de rentabilidad, esfuerzo, capturas y tamaño del stock.

Abstract Background: peri- and post-menopausal women exhibit a high tendency towards obesity and visceral fat deposition, which increases cardiometabolic risk. Objective: to evaluate through a prospective nutritional study the effect of carotenoid consumption on cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in peri- and post-menopausal women. Material and methods: twelve peri- and post-menopausal women without previous symptoms of cardiovascular disease, but with some cardiometabolic risk factor, were recruited. Their diet was supplemented during 4 weeks with orange-carrot juice, tomato juice, and boiled spinach, providing 415 mg of total carotenoids/week (carotenes, cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein + zeaxanthin). At the beginning (TI) and at the end (TF) of the intervention period blood samples were drawn to measure biochemical parameters, oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial function biomarkers, and plasma carotenoid levels. Results: at TF a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index, and an increase in HDL-cholesterol were observed. Plasma carotenoids increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 0.56 µg/mL at TI to 1.22 µg/mL at TF. Concurrently, a shift in oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers was detected, with a decrease in plasma C-reactive protein and malonaldehyde levels, and an increase in adiponectin. However, endothelial dysfunction biomarkers (sVCAM and sICAM) and total antioxidant capacity remained unchanged. Conclusions: dietary supplementation with carotenoids leads to an increase in plasma carotenoids, a decrease in atherogenic dyslipidemia, and an improvement in oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers, which indicates a reduction in cardiometabolic risk.

Resumen Introducción: durante la menopausia hay una mayor tendencia a la obesidad y el depósito de grasa visceral, aumentando el riesgo cardiometabólico. Objetivos: evaluar mediante un estudio de intervención el efecto del consumo de carotenoides sobre los biomarcadores relacionados con el riesgo cardiometabólico en mujeres peri y posmenopáusicas. Métodos: se seleccionaron 12 mujeres peri y posmenopáusicas, sin antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular pero con algún factor de riesgo cardiometabólico. Durante 4 semanas se suplementó su dieta con zumo de naranja-zanahoria, zumo de tomate y espinacas cocidas, proporcionando una ingesta de 415 mg de carotenoides totales a la semana (carotenos, criptoxantina, licopeno y luteína + zeaxantina). En el momento inicial (TI) y en el final (TF) se midieron los parámetros antropométricos y se analizaron los parámetros bioquímicos, los carotenoides plasmáticos y los biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo, de inflamación y de función endotelial. Resultados: en el TF se observaron cambios significativos, disminuyendo el colesterol unido a LDL y el índice aterogénico, y aumentando el colesterol-HDL. Los carotenoides plasmáticos se incrementaron significativamente (p < 0,05) de 0,56 µg/ml en el TI hasta 1,22 µg/ml en el TF. Paralelamente se observaron cambios significativos (p < 0,05) en los biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo e inflamación, disminuyendo la proteína C-reactiva y el malonaldehído, y aumentando la adiponectina. Por el contrario, los biomarcadores de daño endotelial (sVCAM y sICAM) y la capacidad antioxidante (ORAC) no mostraron cambios tras la intervención. Conclusiones: el consumo de carotenoides aumenta los niveles plasmáticos de carotenoides y disminuye la dislipemia aterogénica, y mejora los biomarcadores de inflamación y el estrés oxidativo, lo que está relacionado con una disminución del riesgo cardiometabólico.

Abstract: The term Metabolic Syndrome (MS) has been used since its introduction in 2001 by the National Cholesterol Program (NCEP: ATP III). The concept has been discussed in the scientific literature for decades. The X Syndrome and other terms such as "death quartet" and insulin resistance syndrome have been used to describe the association between metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors. In Mexico, the prevalence of MS in the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición, ENSANUT) was 34% in 2000 and 41% in 2012. Lifestyle modifications along with increased physical activity, quitting smoking, and limiting alcohol consumption are essential for management and prevention because they play a central role in metabolic abnormalities. However, despite the large amount of medications available for diabetes, up to 50% of patients have been reported to fail to achieve adequate control goals, as defined by the American Diabetes Association (glycosylated hemoglobin <7%). In contrast, bariatric surgery (BS) has clearly confirmed that it contributes to improved beta cell function in patients with BMI >35 kg / m2, as well as control of dyslipidemia and other metabolic disorders.

Resumen: El término de síndrome metabólico (SM) se ha utilizado desde su definición en el año 2001 por el programa nacional del colesterol (NCEP: ATP III). El concepto ha sido discutido en la literatura científica por décadas. El síndrome X y otros términos como “el cuarteto de la muerte” y el síndrome de resistencia a la insulina, han sido utilizados para describir la asociación entre factores de riesgo metabólico y cardiovascular. En México, la prevalencia de SM en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT) fue de un 34% para el año 2000; y para el 2012, del 41%. Las modificaciones del estilo de vida junto con aumento en la actividad física, dejar de fumar y limitar el consumo de alcohol son primordiales para el manejo y la prevención debido a que juegan un rol central en las anormalidades metabólicas. Sin embargo, a pesar del impresionante armamento de medicamentos disponible para la diabetes, se ha descrito que hasta el 50% de los pacientes no alcanzan las metas adecuadas de control, definidas por la Asociación Americana de Diabetes (hemoglobina glucosilada <7%). En contraste, la cirugía bariátrica (CB) ha confirmado claramente que contribuye a mejorar la función de las células beta en pacientes con índice de masa corporal (IMC) >35 kg/m2, así como el control de la dislipidemia y otras alteraciones metabólicas.

RESUMEN Este estudio estimó la diversidad de avispas del género Blacus Nees (Braconidae, Blacinae) en dos ecosistemas forestales del noreste de Michoacán, en el Eje Neovolcánico Transversal: Parque Nacional Cerro de Garnica (PN C-Garnica) y Zona Protectora Forestal Los Azufres (ZPF Los Azufres). Se elaboró un mapa de cobertura vegetal con imágenes satelitales de estos ecosistemas forestales. La captura de especímenes se realizó mensualmente desde marzo 2008 hasta febrero 2010 con la ayuda de platos-trampa de color amarillo. Se capturó un total de 172 especímenes de 17 especies del género Blacus, de los cuales 84.3% provinieron del PN C-Garnica (13 especies) y 15.7% de la ZPF Los Azufres (10 especies). El porcentaje de similitud indicó una composición de especies diferente entre las dos áreas estudiadas (índice de Jaccard = 0.35). En el PN C-Garnica se capturaron significativamente más especímenes por mes que en la ZPF Los Azufres (12.1 ± 4.0 vs 2.3 ± 1.20). De acuerdo con el índice de Shannon-Wiener, la diversidad fue similar en ambas áreas estudiadas (2.1 vs 1.9). Los estimadores de riqueza Chao 2 y Jackknife 2 indicaron que en ambas áreas se capturó ~60% de las especies esperadas. Se concluye que el PN C-Garnica y la ZPF Los Azufres mantienen una alta diversidad de especies de Blacus. Las mayores abundancias, así como la mayor riqueza de especies se encontraron en el PN C-Garnica, la cual es una zona con mayor grado de perturbación.

ABSTRACT In this study, the diversity of wasps of the Blacus Nees (Braconidae, Blacinae) genus were estimated in two forest ecosystems in the northeastern part of Michoacán, in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: Cerro de Garnica National Park (C-Garnica NP) and Los Azufres Protected Forest Area (Los Azufres PFA). A vegetation cover map based on satellite images of these forest ecosystems was prepared. The specimens collecting was performed monthly from March 2008 until February 2010 with the help of yellow pan traps. A total of 172 specimens of 17 species of the genus Blacus were collected, of which 84.3% were from C-Garnica NP (13 species) and 15.7% from Los Azufres PFA (10 species). Percentage of similarity (Jaccard´s index = 0.35) was relatively low, indicating a different composition between both forest ecosystems. Significantly more specimens were monthly captured in C-Garnica NP than in Los Azufres PFA (12.1 ± 4.0 vs 2.3 ± 1.20). According to the Shannon-Wiener index, the diversity was similar in both studied areas (2.1 vs 1.9). Chao 2 and Jackknife 2 estimators indicated that ~60% of the expected species were captured in both areas. One concludes that C-Garnica NP and Los Azufres PFA maintain a high species diversity of Blacus. The greatest abundance, as well as the greatest species richness were found in the C-Garnica NP, which is an area with a higher degree of disturbance.